diff --git a/.github/workflows/wpt.yml b/.github/workflows/wpt.yml
index 38405591..361196eb 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wpt.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wpt.yml
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ jobs:
     name: build wpt runner
 
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    timeout-minutes: 90
+    timeout-minutes: 15
 
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ jobs:
 
     # use a self host runner.
     runs-on: lpd-bench-hetzner
-    timeout-minutes: 90
+    timeout-minutes: 120
 
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v6
diff --git a/src/App.zig b/src/App.zig
index a4ed0e8f..bb797ec5 100644
--- a/src/App.zig
+++ b/src/App.zig
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ pub fn init(allocator: Allocator, config: *const Config) !*App {
     app.telemetry = try Telemetry.init(app, config.mode);
     errdefer app.telemetry.deinit();
 
-    app.arena_pool = ArenaPool.init(allocator);
+    app.arena_pool = ArenaPool.init(allocator, 512, 1024 * 16);
     errdefer app.arena_pool.deinit();
 
     return app;
diff --git a/src/ArenaPool.zig b/src/ArenaPool.zig
index 7f1d38dc..2f8de17f 100644
--- a/src/ArenaPool.zig
+++ b/src/ArenaPool.zig
@@ -36,12 +36,12 @@ const Entry = struct {
     arena: ArenaAllocator,
 };
 
-pub fn init(allocator: Allocator) ArenaPool {
+pub fn init(allocator: Allocator, free_list_max: u16, retain_bytes: usize) ArenaPool {
     return .{
         .allocator = allocator,
-        .free_list_max = 512, //  TODO make configurable
-        .retain_bytes = 1024 * 16, // TODO make configurable
-        .entry_pool = std.heap.MemoryPool(Entry).init(allocator),
+        .free_list_max = free_list_max,
+        .retain_bytes = retain_bytes,
+        .entry_pool = .init(allocator),
     };
 }
 
@@ -99,3 +99,114 @@ pub fn reset(_: *const ArenaPool, allocator: Allocator, retain: usize) void {
     const arena: *std.heap.ArenaAllocator = @ptrCast(@alignCast(allocator.ptr));
     _ = arena.reset(.{ .retain_with_limit = retain });
 }
+
+const testing = std.testing;
+
+test "arena pool - basic acquire and use" {
+    var pool = ArenaPool.init(testing.allocator, 512, 1024 * 16);
+    defer pool.deinit();
+
+    const alloc = try pool.acquire();
+    const buf = try alloc.alloc(u8, 64);
+    @memset(buf, 0xAB);
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0xAB), buf[0]);
+
+    pool.release(alloc);
+}
+
+test "arena pool - reuse entry after release" {
+    var pool = ArenaPool.init(testing.allocator, 512, 1024 * 16);
+    defer pool.deinit();
+
+    const alloc1 = try pool.acquire();
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u16, 0), pool.free_list_len);
+
+    pool.release(alloc1);
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u16, 1), pool.free_list_len);
+
+    // The same entry should be returned from the free list.
+    const alloc2 = try pool.acquire();
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u16, 0), pool.free_list_len);
+    try testing.expectEqual(alloc1.ptr, alloc2.ptr);
+
+    pool.release(alloc2);
+}
+
+test "arena pool - multiple concurrent arenas" {
+    var pool = ArenaPool.init(testing.allocator, 512, 1024 * 16);
+    defer pool.deinit();
+
+    const a1 = try pool.acquire();
+    const a2 = try pool.acquire();
+    const a3 = try pool.acquire();
+
+    // All three must be distinct arenas.
+    try testing.expect(a1.ptr != a2.ptr);
+    try testing.expect(a2.ptr != a3.ptr);
+    try testing.expect(a1.ptr != a3.ptr);
+
+    _ = try a1.alloc(u8, 16);
+    _ = try a2.alloc(u8, 32);
+    _ = try a3.alloc(u8, 48);
+
+    pool.release(a1);
+    pool.release(a2);
+    pool.release(a3);
+
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u16, 3), pool.free_list_len);
+}
+
+test "arena pool - free list respects max limit" {
+    // Cap the free list at 1 so the second release discards its arena.
+    var pool = ArenaPool.init(testing.allocator, 1, 1024 * 16);
+    defer pool.deinit();
+
+    const a1 = try pool.acquire();
+    const a2 = try pool.acquire();
+
+    pool.release(a1);
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u16, 1), pool.free_list_len);
+
+    // The free list is full; a2's arena should be destroyed, not queued.
+    pool.release(a2);
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u16, 1), pool.free_list_len);
+}
+
+test "arena pool - reset clears memory without releasing" {
+    var pool = ArenaPool.init(testing.allocator, 512, 1024 * 16);
+    defer pool.deinit();
+
+    const alloc = try pool.acquire();
+
+    const buf = try alloc.alloc(u8, 128);
+    @memset(buf, 0xFF);
+
+    // reset() frees arena memory but keeps the allocator in-flight.
+    pool.reset(alloc, 0);
+
+    // The free list must stay empty; the allocator was not released.
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u16, 0), pool.free_list_len);
+
+    // Allocating again through the same arena must still work.
+    const buf2 = try alloc.alloc(u8, 64);
+    @memset(buf2, 0x00);
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0x00), buf2[0]);
+
+    pool.release(alloc);
+}
+
+test "arena pool - deinit with entries in free list" {
+    // Verifies that deinit properly cleans up free-listed arenas (no leaks
+    // detected by the test allocator).
+    var pool = ArenaPool.init(testing.allocator, 512, 1024 * 16);
+
+    const a1 = try pool.acquire();
+    const a2 = try pool.acquire();
+    _ = try a1.alloc(u8, 256);
+    _ = try a2.alloc(u8, 512);
+    pool.release(a1);
+    pool.release(a2);
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u16, 2), pool.free_list_len);
+
+    pool.deinit();
+}
diff --git a/src/Notification.zig b/src/Notification.zig
index d01492c8..186cc04e 100644
--- a/src/Notification.zig
+++ b/src/Notification.zig
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ pub const PageRemove = struct {};
 
 pub const PageNavigate = struct {
     req_id: u32,
-    page_id: u32,
+    frame_id: u32,
     timestamp: u64,
     url: [:0]const u8,
     opts: Page.NavigateOpts,
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ pub const PageNavigate = struct {
 
 pub const PageNavigated = struct {
     req_id: u32,
-    page_id: u32,
+    frame_id: u32,
     timestamp: u64,
     url: [:0]const u8,
     opts: Page.NavigatedOpts,
@@ -121,18 +121,18 @@ pub const PageNavigated = struct {
 
 pub const PageNetworkIdle = struct {
     req_id: u32,
-    page_id: u32,
+    frame_id: u32,
     timestamp: u64,
 };
 
 pub const PageNetworkAlmostIdle = struct {
     req_id: u32,
-    page_id: u32,
+    frame_id: u32,
     timestamp: u64,
 };
 
 pub const PageFrameCreated = struct {
-    page_id: u32,
+    frame_id: u32,
     parent_id: u32,
     timestamp: u64,
 };
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ test "Notification" {
 
     // noop
     notifier.dispatch(.page_navigate, &.{
-        .page_id = 0,
+        .frame_id = 0,
         .req_id = 1,
         .timestamp = 4,
         .url = undefined,
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ test "Notification" {
 
     try notifier.register(.page_navigate, &tc, TestClient.pageNavigate);
     notifier.dispatch(.page_navigate, &.{
-        .page_id = 0,
+        .frame_id = 0,
         .req_id = 1,
         .timestamp = 4,
         .url = undefined,
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ test "Notification" {
 
     notifier.unregisterAll(&tc);
     notifier.dispatch(.page_navigate, &.{
-        .page_id = 0,
+        .frame_id = 0,
         .req_id = 1,
         .timestamp = 10,
         .url = undefined,
@@ -351,25 +351,25 @@ test "Notification" {
     try notifier.register(.page_navigate, &tc, TestClient.pageNavigate);
     try notifier.register(.page_navigated, &tc, TestClient.pageNavigated);
     notifier.dispatch(.page_navigate, &.{
-        .page_id = 0,
+        .frame_id = 0,
         .req_id = 1,
         .timestamp = 10,
         .url = undefined,
         .opts = .{},
     });
-    notifier.dispatch(.page_navigated, &.{ .page_id = 0, .req_id = 1, .timestamp = 6, .url = undefined, .opts = .{} });
+    notifier.dispatch(.page_navigated, &.{ .frame_id = 0, .req_id = 1, .timestamp = 6, .url = undefined, .opts = .{} });
     try testing.expectEqual(14, tc.page_navigate);
     try testing.expectEqual(6, tc.page_navigated);
 
     notifier.unregisterAll(&tc);
     notifier.dispatch(.page_navigate, &.{
-        .page_id = 0,
+        .frame_id = 0,
         .req_id = 1,
         .timestamp = 100,
         .url = undefined,
         .opts = .{},
     });
-    notifier.dispatch(.page_navigated, &.{ .page_id = 0, .req_id = 1, .timestamp = 100, .url = undefined, .opts = .{} });
+    notifier.dispatch(.page_navigated, &.{ .frame_id = 0, .req_id = 1, .timestamp = 100, .url = undefined, .opts = .{} });
     try testing.expectEqual(14, tc.page_navigate);
     try testing.expectEqual(6, tc.page_navigated);
 
@@ -377,27 +377,27 @@ test "Notification" {
         // unregister
         try notifier.register(.page_navigate, &tc, TestClient.pageNavigate);
         try notifier.register(.page_navigated, &tc, TestClient.pageNavigated);
-        notifier.dispatch(.page_navigate, &.{ .page_id = 0, .req_id = 1, .timestamp = 100, .url = undefined, .opts = .{} });
-        notifier.dispatch(.page_navigated, &.{ .page_id = 0, .req_id = 1, .timestamp = 1000, .url = undefined, .opts = .{} });
+        notifier.dispatch(.page_navigate, &.{ .frame_id = 0, .req_id = 1, .timestamp = 100, .url = undefined, .opts = .{} });
+        notifier.dispatch(.page_navigated, &.{ .frame_id = 0, .req_id = 1, .timestamp = 1000, .url = undefined, .opts = .{} });
         try testing.expectEqual(114, tc.page_navigate);
         try testing.expectEqual(1006, tc.page_navigated);
 
         notifier.unregister(.page_navigate, &tc);
-        notifier.dispatch(.page_navigate, &.{ .page_id = 0, .req_id = 1, .timestamp = 100, .url = undefined, .opts = .{} });
-        notifier.dispatch(.page_navigated, &.{ .page_id = 0, .req_id = 1, .timestamp = 1000, .url = undefined, .opts = .{} });
+        notifier.dispatch(.page_navigate, &.{ .frame_id = 0, .req_id = 1, .timestamp = 100, .url = undefined, .opts = .{} });
+        notifier.dispatch(.page_navigated, &.{ .frame_id = 0, .req_id = 1, .timestamp = 1000, .url = undefined, .opts = .{} });
         try testing.expectEqual(114, tc.page_navigate);
         try testing.expectEqual(2006, tc.page_navigated);
 
         notifier.unregister(.page_navigated, &tc);
-        notifier.dispatch(.page_navigate, &.{ .page_id = 0, .req_id = 1, .timestamp = 100, .url = undefined, .opts = .{} });
-        notifier.dispatch(.page_navigated, &.{ .page_id = 0, .req_id = 1, .timestamp = 1000, .url = undefined, .opts = .{} });
+        notifier.dispatch(.page_navigate, &.{ .frame_id = 0, .req_id = 1, .timestamp = 100, .url = undefined, .opts = .{} });
+        notifier.dispatch(.page_navigated, &.{ .frame_id = 0, .req_id = 1, .timestamp = 1000, .url = undefined, .opts = .{} });
         try testing.expectEqual(114, tc.page_navigate);
         try testing.expectEqual(2006, tc.page_navigated);
 
         // already unregistered, try anyways
         notifier.unregister(.page_navigated, &tc);
-        notifier.dispatch(.page_navigate, &.{ .page_id = 0, .req_id = 1, .timestamp = 100, .url = undefined, .opts = .{} });
-        notifier.dispatch(.page_navigated, &.{ .page_id = 0, .req_id = 1, .timestamp = 1000, .url = undefined, .opts = .{} });
+        notifier.dispatch(.page_navigate, &.{ .frame_id = 0, .req_id = 1, .timestamp = 100, .url = undefined, .opts = .{} });
+        notifier.dispatch(.page_navigated, &.{ .frame_id = 0, .req_id = 1, .timestamp = 1000, .url = undefined, .opts = .{} });
         try testing.expectEqual(114, tc.page_navigate);
         try testing.expectEqual(2006, tc.page_navigated);
     }
diff --git a/src/browser/EventManager.zig b/src/browser/EventManager.zig
index 1cf82bfc..aeeb2248 100644
--- a/src/browser/EventManager.zig
+++ b/src/browser/EventManager.zig
@@ -211,38 +211,9 @@ pub fn dispatchOpts(self: *EventManager, target: *EventTarget, event: *Event, co
         log.debug(.event, "eventManager.dispatch", .{ .type = event._type_string.str(), .bubbles = event._bubbles });
     }
 
-    event._target = target;
-    event._dispatch_target = target; // Store original target for composedPath()
-    var was_handled = false;
-
-    defer if (was_handled) {
-        var ls: js.Local.Scope = undefined;
-        self.page.js.localScope(&ls);
-        defer ls.deinit();
-        ls.local.runMicrotasks();
-    };
-
     switch (target._type) {
-        .node => |node| try self.dispatchNode(node, event, &was_handled, opts),
-        .xhr,
-        .window,
-        .abort_signal,
-        .media_query_list,
-        .message_port,
-        .text_track_cue,
-        .navigation,
-        .screen,
-        .screen_orientation,
-        .visual_viewport,
-        .file_reader,
-        .generic,
-        => {
-            const list = self.lookup.get(.{
-                .event_target = @intFromPtr(target),
-                .type_string = event._type_string,
-            }) orelse return;
-            try self.dispatchAll(list, target, event, &was_handled, opts);
-        },
+        .node => |node| try self.dispatchNode(node, event, opts),
+        else => try self.dispatchDirect(target, event, null, .{ .context = "dispatch" }),
     }
 }
 
@@ -251,16 +222,22 @@ pub fn dispatchOpts(self: *EventManager, target: *EventTarget, event: *Event, co
 // property is just a shortcut for calling addEventListener, but they are distinct.
 // An event set via property cannot be removed by removeEventListener. If you
 // set both the property and add a listener, they both execute.
-const DispatchWithFunctionOptions = struct {
+const DispatchDirectOptions = struct {
     context: []const u8,
     inject_target: bool = true,
 };
-pub fn dispatchWithFunction(self: *EventManager, target: *EventTarget, event: *Event, function_: ?js.Function, comptime opts: DispatchWithFunctionOptions) !void {
+
+// Direct dispatch for non-DOM targets (Window, XHR, AbortSignal) or DOM nodes with
+// property handlers. No propagation - just calls the handler and registered listeners.
+// Handler can be: null, ?js.Function.Global, ?js.Function.Temp, or js.Function
+pub fn dispatchDirect(self: *EventManager, target: *EventTarget, event: *Event, handler: anytype, comptime opts: DispatchDirectOptions) !void {
+    const page = self.page;
+
     event.acquireRef();
-    defer event.deinit(false, self.page);
+    defer event.deinit(false, page);
 
     if (comptime IS_DEBUG) {
-        log.debug(.event, "dispatchWithFunction", .{ .type = event._type_string.str(), .context = opts.context, .has_function = function_ != null });
+        log.debug(.event, "dispatchDirect", .{ .type = event._type_string, .context = opts.context });
     }
 
     if (comptime opts.inject_target) {
@@ -269,14 +246,15 @@ pub fn dispatchWithFunction(self: *EventManager, target: *EventTarget, event: *E
     }
 
     var was_dispatched = false;
-    defer if (was_dispatched) {
-        var ls: js.Local.Scope = undefined;
-        self.page.js.localScope(&ls);
-        defer ls.deinit();
-        ls.local.runMicrotasks();
-    };
 
-    if (function_) |func| {
+    var ls: js.Local.Scope = undefined;
+    page.js.localScope(&ls);
+    defer {
+        ls.local.runMicrotasks();
+        ls.deinit();
+    }
+
+    if (getFunction(handler, &ls.local)) |func| {
         event._current_target = target;
         if (func.callWithThis(void, target, .{event})) {
             was_dispatched = true;
@@ -286,17 +264,126 @@ pub fn dispatchWithFunction(self: *EventManager, target: *EventTarget, event: *E
         }
     }
 
+    // listeners reigstered via addEventListener
     const list = self.lookup.get(.{
         .event_target = @intFromPtr(target),
         .type_string = event._type_string,
     }) orelse return;
-    try self.dispatchAll(list, target, event, &was_dispatched, .{});
+
+    // This is a slightly simplified version of what you'll find in dispatchPhase
+    // It is simpler because, for direct dispatching, we know there's no ancestors
+    // and only the single target phase.
+
+    // Track dispatch depth for deferred removal
+    self.dispatch_depth += 1;
+    defer {
+        const dispatch_depth = self.dispatch_depth;
+        // Only destroy deferred listeners when we exit the outermost dispatch
+        if (dispatch_depth == 1) {
+            for (self.deferred_removals.items) |removal| {
+                removal.list.remove(&removal.listener.node);
+                self.listener_pool.destroy(removal.listener);
+            }
+            self.deferred_removals.clearRetainingCapacity();
+        } else {
+            self.dispatch_depth = dispatch_depth - 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Use the last listener in the list as sentinel - listeners added during dispatch will be after it
+    const last_node = list.last orelse return;
+    const last_listener: *Listener = @alignCast(@fieldParentPtr("node", last_node));
+
+    // Iterate through the list, stopping after we've encountered the last_listener
+    var node = list.first;
+    var is_done = false;
+    while (node) |n| {
+        if (is_done) {
+            break;
+        }
+
+        const listener: *Listener = @alignCast(@fieldParentPtr("node", n));
+        is_done = (listener == last_listener);
+        node = n.next;
+
+        // Skip removed listeners
+        if (listener.removed) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // If the listener has an aborted signal, remove it and skip
+        if (listener.signal) |signal| {
+            if (signal.getAborted()) {
+                self.removeListener(list, listener);
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Remove "once" listeners BEFORE calling them so nested dispatches don't see them
+        if (listener.once) {
+            self.removeListener(list, listener);
+        }
+
+        was_dispatched = true;
+        event._current_target = target;
+
+        switch (listener.function) {
+            .value => |value| try ls.toLocal(value).callWithThis(void, target, .{event}),
+            .string => |string| {
+                const str = try page.call_arena.dupeZ(u8, string.str());
+                try ls.local.eval(str, null);
+            },
+            .object => |obj_global| {
+                const obj = ls.toLocal(obj_global);
+                if (try obj.getFunction("handleEvent")) |handleEvent| {
+                    try handleEvent.callWithThis(void, obj, .{event});
+                }
+            },
+        }
+
+        if (event._stop_immediate_propagation) {
+            return;
+        }
+    }
 }
 
-fn dispatchNode(self: *EventManager, target: *Node, event: *Event, was_handled: *bool, comptime opts: DispatchOpts) !void {
+fn getFunction(handler: anytype, local: *const js.Local) ?js.Function {
+    const T = @TypeOf(handler);
+    const ti = @typeInfo(T);
+
+    if (ti == .null) {
+        return null;
+    }
+    if (ti == .optional) {
+        return getFunction(handler orelse return null, local);
+    }
+    return switch (T) {
+        js.Function => handler,
+        js.Function.Temp => local.toLocal(handler),
+        js.Function.Global => local.toLocal(handler),
+        else => @compileError("handler must be null or \\??js.Function(\\.(Temp|Global))?"),
+    };
+}
+
+fn dispatchNode(self: *EventManager, target: *Node, event: *Event, comptime opts: DispatchOpts) !void {
     const ShadowRoot = @import("webapi/ShadowRoot.zig");
 
+    {
+        const et = target.asEventTarget();
+        event._target = et;
+        event._dispatch_target = et; // Store original target for composedPath()
+    }
+
     const page = self.page;
+    var was_handled = false;
+
+    defer if (was_handled) {
+        var ls: js.Local.Scope = undefined;
+        page.js.localScope(&ls);
+        defer ls.deinit();
+        ls.local.runMicrotasks();
+    };
+
     const activation_state = ActivationState.create(event, target, page);
 
     // Defer runs even on early return - ensures event phase is reset
@@ -374,7 +461,7 @@ fn dispatchNode(self: *EventManager, target: *Node, event: *Event, was_handled:
             .event_target = @intFromPtr(current_target),
             .type_string = event._type_string,
         })) |list| {
-            try self.dispatchPhase(list, current_target, event, was_handled, comptime .init(true, opts));
+            try self.dispatchPhase(list, current_target, event, &was_handled, comptime .init(true, opts));
         }
     }
 
@@ -386,7 +473,7 @@ fn dispatchNode(self: *EventManager, target: *Node, event: *Event, was_handled:
     blk: {
         // Get inline handler (e.g., onclick property) for this target
         if (self.getInlineHandler(target_et, event)) |inline_handler| {
-            was_handled.* = true;
+            was_handled = true;
             event._current_target = target_et;
 
             var ls: js.Local.Scope = undefined;
@@ -408,7 +495,7 @@ fn dispatchNode(self: *EventManager, target: *Node, event: *Event, was_handled:
             .type_string = event._type_string,
             .event_target = @intFromPtr(target_et),
         })) |list| {
-            try self.dispatchPhase(list, target_et, event, was_handled, comptime .init(null, opts));
+            try self.dispatchPhase(list, target_et, event, &was_handled, comptime .init(null, opts));
             if (event._stop_propagation) {
                 return;
             }
@@ -425,7 +512,7 @@ fn dispatchNode(self: *EventManager, target: *Node, event: *Event, was_handled:
                 .type_string = event._type_string,
                 .event_target = @intFromPtr(current_target),
             })) |list| {
-                try self.dispatchPhase(list, current_target, event, was_handled, comptime .init(false, opts));
+                try self.dispatchPhase(list, current_target, event, &was_handled, comptime .init(false, opts));
             }
         }
     }
@@ -549,11 +636,6 @@ fn dispatchPhase(self: *EventManager, list: *std.DoublyLinkedList, current_targe
     }
 }
 
-//  Non-Node dispatching (XHR, Window without propagation)
-fn dispatchAll(self: *EventManager, list: *std.DoublyLinkedList, current_target: *EventTarget, event: *Event, was_handled: *bool, comptime opts: DispatchOpts) !void {
-    return self.dispatchPhase(list, current_target, event, was_handled, comptime .init(null, opts));
-}
-
 fn getInlineHandler(self: *EventManager, target: *EventTarget, event: *Event) ?js.Function.Global {
     const global_event_handlers = @import("webapi/global_event_handlers.zig");
     const handler_type = global_event_handlers.fromEventType(event._type_string.str()) orelse return null;
diff --git a/src/browser/Page.zig b/src/browser/Page.zig
index e2ec7885..6e80c2de 100644
--- a/src/browser/Page.zig
+++ b/src/browser/Page.zig
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ const Page = @This();
 
 // This is the "id" of the frame. It can be re-used from page-to-page, e.g.
 // when navigating.
-id: u32,
+_frame_id: u32,
 
 _session: *Session,
 
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ _element_namespace_uris: Element.NamespaceUriLookup = .empty,
 /// ```js
 /// img.setAttribute("onload", "(() => { ... })()");
 /// ```
-_element_attr_listeners: GlobalEventHandlersLookup = .empty,
+_event_target_attr_listeners: GlobalEventHandlersLookup = .empty,
 
 // Blob URL registry for URL.createObjectURL/revokeObjectURL
 _blob_urls: std.StringHashMapUnmanaged(*Blob) = .{},
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ _type: enum { root, frame }, // only used for logs right now
 _req_id: u32 = 0,
 _navigated_options: ?NavigatedOpts = null,
 
-pub fn init(self: *Page, id: u32, session: *Session, parent: ?*Page) !void {
+pub fn init(self: *Page, frame_id: u32, session: *Session, parent: ?*Page) !void {
     if (comptime IS_DEBUG) {
         log.debug(.page, "page.init", .{});
     }
@@ -262,7 +262,6 @@ pub fn init(self: *Page, id: u32, session: *Session, parent: ?*Page) !void {
     })).asDocument();
 
     self.* = .{
-        .id = id,
         .js = undefined,
         .parent = parent,
         .arena = page_arena,
@@ -270,6 +269,7 @@ pub fn init(self: *Page, id: u32, session: *Session, parent: ?*Page) !void {
         .window = undefined,
         .arena_pool = arena_pool,
         .call_arena = call_arena,
+        ._frame_id = frame_id,
         ._session = session,
         ._factory = factory,
         ._pending_loads = 1, // always 1 for the ScriptManager
@@ -465,7 +465,7 @@ pub fn navigate(self: *Page, request_url: [:0]const u8, opts: NavigateOpts) !voi
         self.documentIsComplete();
 
         session.notification.dispatch(.page_navigate, &.{
-            .page_id = self.id,
+            .frame_id = self._frame_id,
             .req_id = req_id,
             .opts = opts,
             .url = request_url,
@@ -481,7 +481,7 @@ pub fn navigate(self: *Page, request_url: [:0]const u8, opts: NavigateOpts) !voi
         });
 
         session.notification.dispatch(.page_navigated, &.{
-            .page_id = self.id,
+            .frame_id = self._frame_id,
             .req_id = req_id,
             .opts = .{
                 .cdp_id = opts.cdp_id,
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ pub fn navigate(self: *Page, request_url: [:0]const u8, opts: NavigateOpts) !voi
     // We dispatch page_navigate event before sending the request.
     // It ensures the event page_navigated is not dispatched before this one.
     session.notification.dispatch(.page_navigate, &.{
-        .page_id = self.id,
+        .frame_id = self._frame_id,
         .req_id = req_id,
         .opts = opts,
         .url = self.url,
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ pub fn navigate(self: *Page, request_url: [:0]const u8, opts: NavigateOpts) !voi
     http_client.request(.{
         .ctx = self,
         .url = self.url,
-        .page_id = self.id,
+        .frame_id = self._frame_id,
         .method = opts.method,
         .headers = headers,
         .body = opts.body,
@@ -712,7 +712,7 @@ pub fn documentIsComplete(self: *Page) void {
     }
 
     self._session.notification.dispatch(.page_navigated, &.{
-        .page_id = self.id,
+        .frame_id = self._frame_id,
         .req_id = self._req_id,
         .opts = self._navigated_options.?,
         .url = self.url,
@@ -726,27 +726,23 @@ fn _documentIsComplete(self: *Page) !void {
     // Run load events before window.load.
     try self.dispatchLoad();
 
-    var ls: JS.Local.Scope = undefined;
-    self.js.localScope(&ls);
-    defer ls.deinit();
-
     // Dispatch window.load event.
     const event = try Event.initTrusted(comptime .wrap("load"), .{}, self);
     // This event is weird, it's dispatched directly on the window, but
     // with the document as the target.
     event._target = self.document.asEventTarget();
-    try self._event_manager.dispatchWithFunction(
+    try self._event_manager.dispatchDirect(
         self.window.asEventTarget(),
         event,
-        ls.toLocal(self.window._on_load),
+        self.window._on_load,
         .{ .inject_target = false, .context = "page load" },
     );
 
     const pageshow_event = (try PageTransitionEvent.initTrusted(comptime .wrap("pageshow"), .{}, self)).asEvent();
-    try self._event_manager.dispatchWithFunction(
+    try self._event_manager.dispatchDirect(
         self.window.asEventTarget(),
         pageshow_event,
-        ls.toLocal(self.window._on_pageshow),
+        self.window._on_pageshow,
         .{ .context = "page show" },
     );
 
@@ -968,17 +964,17 @@ pub fn iframeAddedCallback(self: *Page, iframe: *Element.Html.IFrame) !void {
     iframe._executed = true;
 
     const session = self._session;
-    const page_id = session.nextPageId();
+    const frame_id = session.nextFrameId();
     const page_frame = try self.arena.create(Page);
-    try Page.init(page_frame, page_id, session, self);
+    try Page.init(page_frame, frame_id, session, self);
 
     self._pending_loads += 1;
     page_frame.iframe = iframe;
     iframe._content_window = page_frame.window;
 
     self._session.notification.dispatch(.page_frame_created, &.{
-        .page_id = page_id,
-        .parent_id = self.id,
+        .frame_id = frame_id,
+        .parent_id = self._frame_id,
         .timestamp = timestamp(.monotonic),
     });
 
@@ -1331,8 +1327,8 @@ pub fn deliverSlotchangeEvents(self: *Page) void {
 pub fn notifyNetworkIdle(self: *Page) void {
     lp.assert(self._notified_network_idle == .done, "Page.notifyNetworkIdle", .{});
     self._session.notification.dispatch(.page_network_idle, &.{
-        .page_id = self.id,
         .req_id = self._req_id,
+        .frame_id = self._frame_id,
         .timestamp = timestamp(.monotonic),
     });
 }
@@ -1340,8 +1336,8 @@ pub fn notifyNetworkIdle(self: *Page) void {
 pub fn notifyNetworkAlmostIdle(self: *Page) void {
     lp.assert(self._notified_network_almost_idle == .done, "Page.notifyNetworkAlmostIdle", .{});
     self._session.notification.dispatch(.page_network_almost_idle, &.{
-        .page_id = self.id,
         .req_id = self._req_id,
+        .frame_id = self._frame_id,
         .timestamp = timestamp(.monotonic),
     });
 }
@@ -3127,20 +3123,13 @@ pub fn submitForm(self: *Page, submitter_: ?*Element, form_: ?*Element.Html.Form
     const form_element = form.asElement();
 
     if (submit_opts.fire_event) {
-        const onsubmit_handler = try form.asHtmlElement().getOnSubmit(self);
         const submit_event = try Event.initTrusted(comptime .wrap("submit"), .{ .bubbles = true, .cancelable = true }, self);
 
-        var ls: JS.Local.Scope = undefined;
-        self.js.localScope(&ls);
-        defer ls.deinit();
-
-        try self._event_manager.dispatchWithFunction(
-            form_element.asEventTarget(),
-            submit_event,
-            ls.toLocal(onsubmit_handler),
-            .{ .context = "form submit" },
-        );
+        // so submit_event is still valid when we check _prevent_default
+        submit_event.acquireRef();
+        defer submit_event.deinit(false, self);
 
+        try self._event_manager.dispatch(form_element.asEventTarget(), submit_event);
         // If the submit event was prevented, don't submit the form
         if (submit_event._prevent_default) {
             return;
diff --git a/src/browser/ScriptManager.zig b/src/browser/ScriptManager.zig
index 61d4aef0..4b5316e7 100644
--- a/src/browser/ScriptManager.zig
+++ b/src/browser/ScriptManager.zig
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ pub fn addFromElement(self: *ScriptManager, comptime from_parser: bool, script_e
             .url = url,
             .ctx = script,
             .method = .GET,
-            .page_id = page.id,
+            .frame_id = page._frame_id,
             .headers = try self.getHeaders(url),
             .blocking = is_blocking,
             .cookie_jar = &page._session.cookie_jar,
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ pub fn preloadImport(self: *ScriptManager, url: [:0]const u8, referrer: []const
         .url = url,
         .ctx = script,
         .method = .GET,
-        .page_id = page.id,
+        .frame_id = page._frame_id,
         .headers = try self.getHeaders(url),
         .cookie_jar = &page._session.cookie_jar,
         .resource_type = .script,
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ pub fn getAsyncImport(self: *ScriptManager, url: [:0]const u8, cb: ImportAsync.C
     try self.client.request(.{
         .url = url,
         .method = .GET,
-        .page_id = page.id,
+        .frame_id = page._frame_id,
         .headers = try self.getHeaders(url),
         .ctx = script,
         .resource_type = .script,
diff --git a/src/browser/Session.zig b/src/browser/Session.zig
index 540ba520..0cf17d70 100644
--- a/src/browser/Session.zig
+++ b/src/browser/Session.zig
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ navigation: Navigation,
 
 page: ?Page,
 
-page_id_gen: u32,
+frame_id_gen: u32,
 
 pub fn init(self: *Session, browser: *Browser, notification: *Notification) !void {
     const allocator = browser.app.allocator;
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ pub fn init(self: *Session, browser: *Browser, notification: *Notification) !voi
         .page = null,
         .arena = arena,
         .history = .{},
-        .page_id_gen = 0,
+        .frame_id_gen = 0,
         // The prototype (EventTarget) for Navigation is created when a Page is created.
         .navigation = .{ ._proto = undefined },
         .storage_shed = .{},
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ pub fn createPage(self: *Session) !*Page {
 
     self.page = @as(Page, undefined);
     const page = &self.page.?;
-    try Page.init(page, self.nextPageId(), self, null);
+    try Page.init(page, self.nextFrameId(), self, null);
 
     // Creates a new NavigationEventTarget for this page.
     try self.navigation.onNewPage(page);
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ pub fn replacePage(self: *Session) !*Page {
     lp.assert(self.page != null, "Session.replacePage null page", .{});
 
     var current = self.page.?;
-    const page_id = current.id;
+    const frame_id = current._frame_id;
     const parent = current.parent;
     current.deinit();
 
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ pub fn replacePage(self: *Session) !*Page {
 
     self.page = @as(Page, undefined);
     const page = &self.page.?;
-    try Page.init(page, page_id, self, parent);
+    try Page.init(page, frame_id, self, parent);
     return page;
 }
 
@@ -153,9 +153,9 @@ pub const WaitResult = enum {
     cdp_socket,
 };
 
-pub fn findPage(self: *Session, id: u32) ?*Page {
+pub fn findPage(self: *Session, frame_id: u32) ?*Page {
     const page = self.currentPage() orelse return null;
-    return if (page.id == id) page else null;
+    return if (page._frame_id == frame_id) page else null;
 }
 
 pub fn wait(self: *Session, wait_ms: u32) WaitResult {
@@ -347,20 +347,20 @@ fn processScheduledNavigation(self: *Session, current_page: *Page) !*Page {
     current_page._queued_navigation = null;
     defer browser.arena_pool.release(qn.arena);
 
-    const page_id, const parent = blk: {
+    const frame_id, const parent = blk: {
         const page = &self.page.?;
-        const page_id = page.id;
+        const frame_id = page._frame_id;
         const parent = page.parent;
 
         browser.http_client.abort();
         self.removePage();
 
-        break :blk .{ page_id, parent };
+        break :blk .{ frame_id, parent };
     };
 
     self.page = @as(Page, undefined);
     const page = &self.page.?;
-    try Page.init(page, page_id, self, parent);
+    try Page.init(page, frame_id, self, parent);
 
     // Creates a new NavigationEventTarget for this page.
     try self.navigation.onNewPage(page);
@@ -377,8 +377,8 @@ fn processScheduledNavigation(self: *Session, current_page: *Page) !*Page {
     return page;
 }
 
-pub fn nextPageId(self: *Session) u32 {
-    const id = self.page_id_gen +% 1;
-    self.page_id_gen = id;
+pub fn nextFrameId(self: *Session) u32 {
+    const id = self.frame_id_gen +% 1;
+    self.frame_id_gen = id;
     return id;
 }
diff --git a/src/browser/js/Caller.zig b/src/browser/js/Caller.zig
index 6ab014c4..5f34a5b9 100644
--- a/src/browser/js/Caller.zig
+++ b/src/browser/js/Caller.zig
@@ -328,9 +328,13 @@ fn nameToString(local: *const Local, comptime T: type, name: *const v8.Name) !T
 fn handleError(comptime T: type, comptime F: type, local: *const Local, err: anyerror, info: anytype, comptime opts: CallOpts) void {
     const isolate = local.isolate;
 
-    if (comptime @import("builtin").mode == .Debug and @TypeOf(info) == FunctionCallbackInfo) {
-        if (log.enabled(.js, .warn)) {
-            logFunctionCallError(local, @typeName(T), @typeName(F), err, info);
+    if (comptime IS_DEBUG and @TypeOf(info) == FunctionCallbackInfo) {
+        if (log.enabled(.js, .debug)) {
+            const DOMException = @import("../webapi/DOMException.zig");
+            if (DOMException.fromError(err) == null) {
+                // This isn't a DOMException, let's log it
+                logFunctionCallError(local, @typeName(T), @typeName(F), err, info);
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -360,7 +364,7 @@ fn handleError(comptime T: type, comptime F: type, local: *const Local, err: any
 // this can add as much as 10 seconds of compilation time.
 fn logFunctionCallError(local: *const Local, type_name: []const u8, func: []const u8, err: anyerror, info: FunctionCallbackInfo) void {
     const args_dump = serializeFunctionArgs(local, info) catch "failed to serialize args";
-    log.info(.js, "function call error", .{
+    log.debug(.js, "function call error", .{
         .type = type_name,
         .func = func,
         .err = err,
diff --git a/src/browser/tests/net/xhr.html b/src/browser/tests/net/xhr.html
index 7dc89a23..64fac5c3 100644
--- a/src/browser/tests/net/xhr.html
+++ b/src/browser/tests/net/xhr.html
@@ -252,3 +252,34 @@
     testing.expectEqual(XMLHttpRequest.UNSENT, req.readyState);
   });
 </script>
+
+
+<script id=xhr_abort_callback_nobody>
+  testing.async(async (restore) => {
+    const req = new XMLHttpRequest();
+    let abortFired = false;
+    let errorFired = false;
+    let loadEndFired = false;
+
+    await new Promise((resolve) => {
+      req.onabort = () => { abortFired = true; };
+      req.onerror = () => { errorFired = true; };
+      req.onloadend = () => {
+        loadEndFired = true;
+        resolve();
+      };
+
+      req.open('GET', 'http://127.0.0.1:9582/xhr_empty');
+      req.onreadystatechange = (e) => {
+        req.abort();
+      }
+      req.send();
+    });
+
+    restore();
+    testing.expectEqual(true, abortFired);
+    testing.expectEqual(true, errorFired);
+    testing.expectEqual(true, loadEndFired);
+    testing.expectEqual(XMLHttpRequest.UNSENT, req.readyState);
+  });
+</script>
diff --git a/src/browser/webapi/AbortController.zig b/src/browser/webapi/AbortController.zig
index 0c22bd4d..9e26c4ad 100644
--- a/src/browser/webapi/AbortController.zig
+++ b/src/browser/webapi/AbortController.zig
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ pub fn getSignal(self: *const AbortController) *AbortSignal {
 }
 
 pub fn abort(self: *AbortController, reason_: ?js.Value.Global, page: *Page) !void {
-    try self._signal.abort(if (reason_) |r| .{ .js_val = r } else null, page.js.local.?, page);
+    try self._signal.abort(if (reason_) |r| .{ .js_val = r } else null, page);
 }
 
 pub const JsApi = struct {
diff --git a/src/browser/webapi/AbortSignal.zig b/src/browser/webapi/AbortSignal.zig
index 186a6cad..de685efc 100644
--- a/src/browser/webapi/AbortSignal.zig
+++ b/src/browser/webapi/AbortSignal.zig
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ pub fn asEventTarget(self: *AbortSignal) *EventTarget {
     return self._proto;
 }
 
-pub fn abort(self: *AbortSignal, reason_: ?Reason, local: *const js.Local, page: *Page) !void {
+pub fn abort(self: *AbortSignal, reason_: ?Reason, page: *Page) !void {
     if (self._aborted) {
         return;
     }
@@ -77,10 +77,10 @@ pub fn abort(self: *AbortSignal, reason_: ?Reason, local: *const js.Local, page:
 
     // Dispatch abort event
     const event = try Event.initTrusted(comptime .wrap("abort"), .{}, page);
-    try page._event_manager.dispatchWithFunction(
+    try page._event_manager.dispatchDirect(
         self.asEventTarget(),
         event,
-        local.toLocal(self._on_abort),
+        self._on_abort,
         .{ .context = "abort signal" },
     );
 }
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ pub fn abort(self: *AbortSignal, reason_: ?Reason, local: *const js.Local, page:
 // Static method to create an already-aborted signal
 pub fn createAborted(reason_: ?js.Value.Global, page: *Page) !*AbortSignal {
     const signal = try init(page);
-    try signal.abort(if (reason_) |r| .{ .js_val = r } else null, page.js.local.?, page);
+    try signal.abort(if (reason_) |r| .{ .js_val = r } else null, page);
     return signal;
 }
 
@@ -136,11 +136,7 @@ const TimeoutCallback = struct {
 
     fn run(ctx: *anyopaque) !?u32 {
         const self: *TimeoutCallback = @ptrCast(@alignCast(ctx));
-        var ls: js.Local.Scope = undefined;
-        self.page.js.localScope(&ls);
-        defer ls.deinit();
-
-        self.signal.abort(.{ .string = "TimeoutError" }, &ls.local, self.page) catch |err| {
+        self.signal.abort(.{ .string = "TimeoutError" }, self.page) catch |err| {
             log.warn(.app, "abort signal timeout", .{ .err = err });
         };
         return null;
diff --git a/src/browser/webapi/FileReader.zig b/src/browser/webapi/FileReader.zig
index 3d189089..90e26aa0 100644
--- a/src/browser/webapi/FileReader.zig
+++ b/src/browser/webapi/FileReader.zig
@@ -183,12 +183,7 @@ fn readInternal(self: *FileReader, blob: *Blob, read_type: ReadType) !void {
 
     const page = self._page;
 
-    var ls: js.Local.Scope = undefined;
-    page.js.localScope(&ls);
-    defer ls.deinit();
-    const local = &ls.local;
-
-    try self.dispatch(.load_start, .{ .loaded = 0, .total = blob.getSize() }, local, page);
+    try self.dispatch(.load_start, .{ .loaded = 0, .total = blob.getSize() }, page);
     if (self._aborted) {
         return;
     }
@@ -196,7 +191,7 @@ fn readInternal(self: *FileReader, blob: *Blob, read_type: ReadType) !void {
     // Perform the read (synchronous since data is in memory)
     const data = blob._slice;
     const size = data.len;
-    try self.dispatch(.progress, .{ .loaded = size, .total = size }, local, page);
+    try self.dispatch(.progress, .{ .loaded = size, .total = size }, page);
     if (self._aborted) {
         return;
     }
@@ -216,8 +211,8 @@ fn readInternal(self: *FileReader, blob: *Blob, read_type: ReadType) !void {
 
     self._ready_state = .done;
 
-    try self.dispatch(.load, .{ .loaded = size, .total = size }, local, page);
-    try self.dispatch(.load_end, .{ .loaded = size, .total = size }, local, page);
+    try self.dispatch(.load, .{ .loaded = size, .total = size }, page);
+    try self.dispatch(.load_end, .{ .loaded = size, .total = size }, page);
 }
 
 pub fn abort(self: *FileReader) !void {
@@ -231,17 +226,12 @@ pub fn abort(self: *FileReader) !void {
 
     const page = self._page;
 
-    var ls: js.Local.Scope = undefined;
-    page.js.localScope(&ls);
-    defer ls.deinit();
-    const local = &ls.local;
+    try self.dispatch(.abort, null, page);
 
-    try self.dispatch(.abort, null, local, page);
-
-    try self.dispatch(.load_end, null, local, page);
+    try self.dispatch(.load_end, null, page);
 }
 
-fn dispatch(self: *FileReader, comptime event_type: DispatchType, progress_: ?Progress, local: *const js.Local, page: *Page) !void {
+fn dispatch(self: *FileReader, comptime event_type: DispatchType, progress_: ?Progress, page: *Page) !void {
     const field, const typ = comptime blk: {
         break :blk switch (event_type) {
             .abort => .{ "_on_abort", "abort" },
@@ -260,10 +250,10 @@ fn dispatch(self: *FileReader, comptime event_type: DispatchType, progress_: ?Pr
         page,
     )).asEvent();
 
-    return page._event_manager.dispatchWithFunction(
+    return page._event_manager.dispatchDirect(
         self.asEventTarget(),
         event,
-        local.toLocal(@field(self, field)),
+        @field(self, field),
         .{ .context = "FileReader " ++ typ },
     );
 }
diff --git a/src/browser/webapi/History.zig b/src/browser/webapi/History.zig
index 4e6bb348..b8819708 100644
--- a/src/browser/webapi/History.zig
+++ b/src/browser/webapi/History.zig
@@ -80,10 +80,10 @@ fn goInner(delta: i32, page: *Page) !void {
     if (entry._url) |url| {
         if (try page.isSameOrigin(url)) {
             const event = (try PopStateEvent.initTrusted(comptime .wrap("popstate"), .{ .state = entry._state.value }, page)).asEvent();
-            try page._event_manager.dispatchWithFunction(
+            try page._event_manager.dispatchDirect(
                 page.window.asEventTarget(),
                 event,
-                page.js.toLocal(page.window._on_popstate),
+                page.window._on_popstate,
                 .{ .context = "Pop State" },
             );
         }
diff --git a/src/browser/webapi/MessagePort.zig b/src/browser/webapi/MessagePort.zig
index ffddf30c..dfe031f7 100644
--- a/src/browser/webapi/MessagePort.zig
+++ b/src/browser/webapi/MessagePort.zig
@@ -131,14 +131,10 @@ const PostMessageCallback = struct {
             return null;
         }).asEvent();
 
-        var ls: js.Local.Scope = undefined;
-        page.js.localScope(&ls);
-        defer ls.deinit();
-
-        page._event_manager.dispatchWithFunction(
+        page._event_manager.dispatchDirect(
             self.port.asEventTarget(),
             event,
-            ls.toLocal(self.port._on_message),
+            self.port._on_message,
             .{ .context = "MessagePort message" },
         ) catch |err| {
             log.err(.dom, "MessagePort.postMessage", .{ .err = err });
diff --git a/src/browser/webapi/Window.zig b/src/browser/webapi/Window.zig
index 394aa004..91f55b60 100644
--- a/src/browser/webapi/Window.zig
+++ b/src/browser/webapi/Window.zig
@@ -556,10 +556,10 @@ pub fn unhandledPromiseRejection(self: *Window, rejection: js.PromiseRejection,
         .promise = try rejection.promise().temp(),
     }, page)).asEvent();
 
-    try page._event_manager.dispatchWithFunction(
+    try page._event_manager.dispatchDirect(
         self.asEventTarget(),
         event,
-        rejection.local.toLocal(self._on_unhandled_rejection),
+        self._on_unhandled_rejection,
         .{ .inject_target = true, .context = "window.unhandledrejection" },
     );
 }
diff --git a/src/browser/webapi/element/Html.zig b/src/browser/webapi/element/Html.zig
index 07187384..a4e6484d 100644
--- a/src/browser/webapi/element/Html.zig
+++ b/src/browser/webapi/element/Html.zig
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ pub fn getAttributeFunction(
     page: *Page,
 ) !?js.Function.Global {
     const element = self.asElement();
-    if (page._element_attr_listeners.get(.{ .target = element.asEventTarget(), .handler = listener_type })) |cached| {
+    if (page._event_target_attr_listeners.get(.{ .target = element.asEventTarget(), .handler = listener_type })) |cached| {
         return cached;
     }
 
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ pub fn getAttributeFunction(
 }
 
 pub fn hasAttributeFunction(self: *HtmlElement, listener_type: GlobalEventHandler, page: *const Page) bool {
-    return page._element_attr_listeners.contains(.{ .target = self.asEventTarget(), .handler = listener_type });
+    return page._event_target_attr_listeners.contains(.{ .target = self.asEventTarget(), .handler = listener_type });
 }
 
 fn setAttributeListener(
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ fn setAttributeListener(
     }
 
     if (listener_callback) |cb| {
-        try page._element_attr_listeners.put(page.arena, .{
+        try page._event_target_attr_listeners.put(page.arena, .{
             .target = self.asEventTarget(),
             .handler = listener_type,
         }, cb);
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ fn setAttributeListener(
     }
 
     // The listener is null, remove existing listener.
-    _ = page._element_attr_listeners.remove(.{
+    _ = page._event_target_attr_listeners.remove(.{
         .target = self.asEventTarget(),
         .handler = listener_type,
     });
diff --git a/src/browser/webapi/navigation/Navigation.zig b/src/browser/webapi/navigation/Navigation.zig
index 6facfee9..e81ff46e 100644
--- a/src/browser/webapi/navigation/Navigation.zig
+++ b/src/browser/webapi/navigation/Navigation.zig
@@ -440,14 +440,10 @@ pub fn updateCurrentEntry(self: *Navigation, options: UpdateCurrentEntryOptions,
 }
 
 pub fn dispatch(self: *Navigation, func: js.Function.Global, event: *Event, page: *Page) !void {
-    var ls: js.Local.Scope = undefined;
-    page.js.localScope(&ls);
-    defer ls.deinit();
-
-    return page._event_manager.dispatchWithFunction(
+    return page._event_manager.dispatchDirect(
         self.asEventTarget(),
         event,
-        ls.toLocal(func),
+        func,
         .{ .context = "Navigation" },
     );
 }
diff --git a/src/browser/webapi/net/Fetch.zig b/src/browser/webapi/net/Fetch.zig
index 161e88c2..35fce366 100644
--- a/src/browser/webapi/net/Fetch.zig
+++ b/src/browser/webapi/net/Fetch.zig
@@ -72,9 +72,9 @@ pub fn init(input: Input, options: ?InitOpts, page: *Page) !js.Promise {
 
     try http_client.request(.{
         .ctx = fetch,
-        .page_id = page.id,
         .url = request._url,
         .method = request._method,
+        .frame_id = page._frame_id,
         .body = request._body,
         .headers = headers,
         .resource_type = .fetch,
diff --git a/src/browser/webapi/net/XMLHttpRequest.zig b/src/browser/webapi/net/XMLHttpRequest.zig
index 8e839ff6..c1380908 100644
--- a/src/browser/webapi/net/XMLHttpRequest.zig
+++ b/src/browser/webapi/net/XMLHttpRequest.zig
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ pub fn open(self: *XMLHttpRequest, method_: []const u8, url: [:0]const u8) !void
     const page = self._page;
     self._method = try parseMethod(method_);
     self._url = try URL.resolve(self._arena, page.base(), url, .{ .always_dupe = true, .encode = true });
-    try self.stateChanged(.opened, page.js.local.?, page);
+    try self.stateChanged(.opened, page);
 }
 
 pub fn setRequestHeader(self: *XMLHttpRequest, name: []const u8, value: []const u8, page: *Page) !void {
@@ -223,9 +223,9 @@ pub fn send(self: *XMLHttpRequest, body_: ?[]const u8) !void {
     try http_client.request(.{
         .ctx = self,
         .url = self._url,
-        .page_id = page.id,
         .method = self._method,
         .headers = headers,
+        .frame_id = page._frame_id,
         .body = self._request_body,
         .cookie_jar = if (cookie_support) &page._session.cookie_jar else null,
         .resource_type = .xhr,
@@ -397,11 +397,10 @@ fn httpHeaderDoneCallback(transfer: *Http.Transfer) !bool {
     var ls: js.Local.Scope = undefined;
     page.js.localScope(&ls);
     defer ls.deinit();
-    const local = &ls.local;
 
-    try self.stateChanged(.headers_received, local, page);
-    try self._proto.dispatch(.load_start, .{ .loaded = 0, .total = self._response_len orelse 0 }, local, page);
-    try self.stateChanged(.loading, local, page);
+    try self.stateChanged(.headers_received, page);
+    try self._proto.dispatch(.load_start, .{ .loaded = 0, .total = self._response_len orelse 0 }, page);
+    try self.stateChanged(.loading, page);
 
     return true;
 }
@@ -412,14 +411,10 @@ fn httpDataCallback(transfer: *Http.Transfer, data: []const u8) !void {
 
     const page = self._page;
 
-    var ls: js.Local.Scope = undefined;
-    page.js.localScope(&ls);
-    defer ls.deinit();
-
     try self._proto.dispatch(.progress, .{
         .total = self._response_len orelse 0,
         .loaded = self._response_data.items.len,
-    }, &ls.local, page);
+    }, page);
 }
 
 fn httpDoneCallback(ctx: *anyopaque) !void {
@@ -438,22 +433,17 @@ fn httpDoneCallback(ctx: *anyopaque) !void {
 
     const page = self._page;
 
-    var ls: js.Local.Scope = undefined;
-    page.js.localScope(&ls);
-    defer ls.deinit();
-    const local = &ls.local;
-
-    try self.stateChanged(.done, local, page);
+    try self.stateChanged(.done, page);
 
     const loaded = self._response_data.items.len;
     try self._proto.dispatch(.load, .{
         .total = loaded,
         .loaded = loaded,
-    }, local, page);
+    }, page);
     try self._proto.dispatch(.load_end, .{
         .total = loaded,
         .loaded = loaded,
-    }, local, page);
+    }, page);
 
     page.js.weakRef(self);
 }
@@ -495,17 +485,12 @@ fn _handleError(self: *XMLHttpRequest, err: anyerror) !void {
     if (new_state != self._ready_state) {
         const page = self._page;
 
-        var ls: js.Local.Scope = undefined;
-        page.js.localScope(&ls);
-        defer ls.deinit();
-        const local = &ls.local;
-
-        try self.stateChanged(new_state, local, page);
+        try self.stateChanged(new_state, page);
         if (is_abort) {
-            try self._proto.dispatch(.abort, null, local, page);
+            try self._proto.dispatch(.abort, null, page);
         }
-        try self._proto.dispatch(.err, null, local, page);
-        try self._proto.dispatch(.load_end, null, local, page);
+        try self._proto.dispatch(.err, null, page);
+        try self._proto.dispatch(.load_end, null, page);
     }
 
     const level: log.Level = if (err == error.Abort) .debug else .err;
@@ -516,7 +501,7 @@ fn _handleError(self: *XMLHttpRequest, err: anyerror) !void {
     });
 }
 
-fn stateChanged(self: *XMLHttpRequest, state: ReadyState, local: *const js.Local, page: *Page) !void {
+fn stateChanged(self: *XMLHttpRequest, state: ReadyState, page: *Page) !void {
     if (state == self._ready_state) {
         return;
     }
@@ -524,10 +509,10 @@ fn stateChanged(self: *XMLHttpRequest, state: ReadyState, local: *const js.Local
     self._ready_state = state;
 
     const event = try Event.initTrusted(.wrap("readystatechange"), .{}, page);
-    try page._event_manager.dispatchWithFunction(
+    try page._event_manager.dispatchDirect(
         self.asEventTarget(),
         event,
-        local.toLocal(self._on_ready_state_change),
+        self._on_ready_state_change,
         .{ .context = "XHR state change" },
     );
 }
diff --git a/src/browser/webapi/net/XMLHttpRequestEventTarget.zig b/src/browser/webapi/net/XMLHttpRequestEventTarget.zig
index ae268a59..ad51c10e 100644
--- a/src/browser/webapi/net/XMLHttpRequestEventTarget.zig
+++ b/src/browser/webapi/net/XMLHttpRequestEventTarget.zig
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ pub fn asEventTarget(self: *XMLHttpRequestEventTarget) *EventTarget {
     return self._proto;
 }
 
-pub fn dispatch(self: *XMLHttpRequestEventTarget, comptime event_type: DispatchType, progress_: ?Progress, local: *const js.Local, page: *Page) !void {
+pub fn dispatch(self: *XMLHttpRequestEventTarget, comptime event_type: DispatchType, progress_: ?Progress, page: *Page) !void {
     const field, const typ = comptime blk: {
         break :blk switch (event_type) {
             .abort => .{ "_on_abort", "abort" },
@@ -63,10 +63,10 @@ pub fn dispatch(self: *XMLHttpRequestEventTarget, comptime event_type: DispatchT
         page,
     )).asEvent();
 
-    return page._event_manager.dispatchWithFunction(
+    return page._event_manager.dispatchDirect(
         self.asEventTarget(),
         event,
-        local.toLocal(@field(self, field)),
+        @field(self, field),
         .{ .context = "XHR " ++ typ },
     );
 }
diff --git a/src/cdp/cdp.zig b/src/cdp/cdp.zig
index a4faaa17..6d7c31e5 100644
--- a/src/cdp/cdp.zig
+++ b/src/cdp/cdp.zig
@@ -438,15 +438,10 @@ pub fn BrowserContext(comptime CDP_T: type) type {
             const browser = &self.cdp.browser;
             const env = &browser.env;
 
-            // Drain microtasks makes sure we don't have inspector's callback
-            // in progress before deinit.
-            env.runMicrotasks();
-
             // resetContextGroup detach the inspector from all contexts.
-            // It append async tasks, so we make sure we run the message loop
+            // It appends async tasks, so we make sure we run the message loop
             // before deinit it.
             env.inspector.?.resetContextGroup();
-            _ = env.pumpMessageLoop();
             env.inspector.?.stopSession();
 
             // abort all intercepted requests before closing the sesion/page
diff --git a/src/cdp/domains/fetch.zig b/src/cdp/domains/fetch.zig
index d6e96f2f..8a54881b 100644
--- a/src/cdp/domains/fetch.zig
+++ b/src/cdp/domains/fetch.zig
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ pub fn requestIntercept(bc: anytype, intercept: *const Notification.RequestInter
 
     try bc.cdp.sendEvent("Fetch.requestPaused", .{
         .requestId = &id.toInterceptId(transfer.id),
-        .frameId = &id.toFrameId(transfer.req.page_id),
+        .frameId = &id.toFrameId(transfer.req.frame_id),
         .request = network.TransferAsRequestWriter.init(transfer),
         .resourceType = switch (transfer.req.resource_type) {
             .script => "Script",
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ pub fn requestAuthRequired(bc: anytype, intercept: *const Notification.RequestAu
 
     try bc.cdp.sendEvent("Fetch.authRequired", .{
         .requestId = &id.toInterceptId(transfer.id),
-        .frameId = &id.toFrameId(transfer.req.page_id),
+        .frameId = &id.toFrameId(transfer.req.frame_id),
         .request = network.TransferAsRequestWriter.init(transfer),
         .resourceType = switch (transfer.req.resource_type) {
             .script => "Script",
diff --git a/src/cdp/domains/network.zig b/src/cdp/domains/network.zig
index bad29b2d..b353dc76 100644
--- a/src/cdp/domains/network.zig
+++ b/src/cdp/domains/network.zig
@@ -237,8 +237,8 @@ pub fn httpRequestStart(bc: anytype, msg: *const Notification.RequestStart) !voi
 
     const transfer = msg.transfer;
     const req = &transfer.req;
-    const page_id = req.page_id;
-    const page = bc.session.findPage(page_id) orelse return;
+    const frame_id = req.frame_id;
+    const page = bc.session.findPage(frame_id) orelse return;
 
     // Modify request with extra CDP headers
     for (bc.extra_headers.items) |extra| {
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ pub fn httpRequestStart(bc: anytype, msg: *const Notification.RequestStart) !voi
     try bc.cdp.sendEvent("Network.requestWillBeSent", .{
         .loaderId = &id.toLoaderId(transfer.id),
         .requestId = &id.toRequestId(transfer.id),
-        .frameId = &id.toFrameId(page_id),
+        .frameId = &id.toFrameId(frame_id),
         .type = req.resource_type.string(),
         .documentURL = page.url,
         .request = TransferAsRequestWriter.init(transfer),
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ pub fn httpResponseHeaderDone(arena: Allocator, bc: anytype, msg: *const Notific
     try bc.cdp.sendEvent("Network.responseReceived", .{
         .loaderId = &id.toLoaderId(transfer.id),
         .requestId = &id.toRequestId(transfer.id),
-        .frameId = &id.toFrameId(transfer.req.page_id),
+        .frameId = &id.toFrameId(transfer.req.frame_id),
         .response = TransferAsResponseWriter.init(arena, msg.transfer),
         .hasExtraInfo = false, // TODO change after adding Network.responseReceivedExtraInfo
     }, .{ .session_id = session_id });
diff --git a/src/cdp/domains/page.zig b/src/cdp/domains/page.zig
index 3db5d67c..6a9af8b0 100644
--- a/src/cdp/domains/page.zig
+++ b/src/cdp/domains/page.zig
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ fn setLifecycleEventsEnabled(cmd: anytype) !void {
     const page = bc.session.currentPage() orelse return error.PageNotLoaded;
 
     if (page._load_state == .complete) {
-        const frame_id = &id.toFrameId(page.id);
+        const frame_id = &id.toFrameId(page._frame_id);
         const loader_id = &id.toLoaderId(page._req_id);
 
         const now = timestampF(.monotonic);
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ pub fn pageNavigate(bc: anytype, event: *const Notification.PageNavigate) !void
     const session_id = bc.session_id orelse return;
     bc.reset();
 
-    const frame_id = &id.toFrameId(event.page_id);
+    const frame_id = &id.toFrameId(event.frame_id);
     const loader_id = &id.toLoaderId(event.req_id);
 
     var cdp = bc.cdp;
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ pub fn pageFrameCreated(bc: anytype, event: *const Notification.PageFrameCreated
     const session_id = bc.session_id orelse return;
 
     const cdp = bc.cdp;
-    const frame_id = &id.toFrameId(event.page_id);
+    const frame_id = &id.toFrameId(event.frame_id);
 
     try cdp.sendEvent("Page.frameAttached", .{ .params = .{
         .frameId = frame_id,
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ pub fn pageFrameCreated(bc: anytype, event: *const Notification.PageFrameCreated
         try cdp.sendEvent("Page.lifecycleEvent", LifecycleEvent{
             .name = "init",
             .frameId = frame_id,
-            .loaderId = &id.toLoaderId(event.page_id),
+            .loaderId = &id.toLoaderId(event.frame_id),
             .timestamp = event.timestamp,
         }, .{ .session_id = session_id });
     }
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ pub fn pageNavigated(arena: Allocator, bc: anytype, event: *const Notification.P
     const session_id = bc.session_id orelse return;
 
     const timestamp = event.timestamp;
-    const frame_id = &id.toFrameId(event.page_id);
+    const frame_id = &id.toFrameId(event.frame_id);
     const loader_id = &id.toLoaderId(event.req_id);
 
     var cdp = bc.cdp;
@@ -478,11 +478,11 @@ pub fn pageNavigated(arena: Allocator, bc: anytype, event: *const Notification.P
 }
 
 pub fn pageNetworkIdle(bc: anytype, event: *const Notification.PageNetworkIdle) !void {
-    return sendPageLifecycle(bc, "networkIdle", event.timestamp, &id.toFrameId(event.page_id), &id.toLoaderId(event.req_id));
+    return sendPageLifecycle(bc, "networkIdle", event.timestamp, &id.toFrameId(event.frame_id), &id.toLoaderId(event.req_id));
 }
 
 pub fn pageNetworkAlmostIdle(bc: anytype, event: *const Notification.PageNetworkAlmostIdle) !void {
-    return sendPageLifecycle(bc, "networkAlmostIdle", event.timestamp, &id.toFrameId(event.page_id), &id.toLoaderId(event.req_id));
+    return sendPageLifecycle(bc, "networkAlmostIdle", event.timestamp, &id.toFrameId(event.frame_id), &id.toLoaderId(event.req_id));
 }
 
 fn sendPageLifecycle(bc: anytype, name: []const u8, timestamp: u64, frame_id: []const u8, loader_id: []const u8) !void {
diff --git a/src/cdp/domains/target.zig b/src/cdp/domains/target.zig
index 8a818a27..243ddc8f 100644
--- a/src/cdp/domains/target.zig
+++ b/src/cdp/domains/target.zig
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ fn createTarget(cmd: anytype) !void {
     const page = try bc.session.createPage();
 
     // the target_id == the frame_id of the "root" page
-    const frame_id = id.toFrameId(page.id);
+    const frame_id = id.toFrameId(page._frame_id);
     bc.target_id = frame_id;
     const target_id = &bc.target_id.?;
     {
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ fn setAutoAttach(cmd: anytype) !void {
         if (bc.target_id == null) {
             if (bc.session.currentPage()) |page| {
                 // the target_id == the frame_id of the "root" page
-                bc.target_id = id.toFrameId(page.id);
+                bc.target_id = id.toFrameId(page._frame_id);
                 try doAttachtoTarget(cmd, &bc.target_id.?);
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/http/Client.zig b/src/http/Client.zig
index 1670883c..26284b8a 100644
--- a/src/http/Client.zig
+++ b/src/http/Client.zig
@@ -174,27 +174,59 @@ pub fn newHeaders(self: *const Client) !Net.Headers {
 }
 
 pub fn abort(self: *Client) void {
-    while (self.handles.in_use.first) |node| {
-        const conn: *Net.Connection = @fieldParentPtr("node", node);
-        var transfer = Transfer.fromConnection(conn) catch |err| {
-            log.err(.http, "get private info", .{ .err = err, .source = "abort" });
-            continue;
-        };
-        transfer.kill();
+    self._abort(true, 0);
+}
+
+pub fn abortFrame(self: *Client, frame_id: u32) void {
+    self._abort(false, frame_id);
+}
+
+// Written this way so that both abort and abortFrame can share the same code
+// but abort can avoid the frame_id check at comptime.
+fn _abort(self: *Client, comptime abort_all: bool, frame_id: u32) void {
+    {
+        var q = &self.handles.in_use;
+        var n = q.first;
+        while (n) |node| {
+            n = node.next;
+            const conn: *Net.Connection = @fieldParentPtr("node", node);
+            var transfer = Transfer.fromConnection(conn) catch |err| {
+                log.err(.http, "get private info", .{ .err = err, .source = "abort" });
+                continue;
+            };
+            if (comptime abort_all) {
+                transfer.kill();
+            } else if (transfer.req.frame_id == frame_id) {
+                q.remove(node);
+                transfer.kill();
+            }
+        }
     }
-    if (comptime IS_DEBUG) {
+
+    if (comptime IS_DEBUG and abort_all) {
         std.debug.assert(self.active == 0);
     }
 
-    var n = self.queue.first;
-    while (n) |node| {
-        n = node.next;
-        const transfer: *Transfer = @fieldParentPtr("_node", node);
-        transfer.kill();
+    {
+        var q = &self.queue;
+        var n = q.first;
+        while (n) |node| {
+            n = node.next;
+            const transfer: *Transfer = @fieldParentPtr("_node", node);
+            if (comptime abort_all) {
+                transfer.kill();
+            } else if (transfer.req.frame_id == frame_id) {
+                q.remove(node);
+                transfer.kill();
+            }
+        }
     }
-    self.queue = .{};
 
-    if (comptime IS_DEBUG) {
+    if (comptime abort_all) {
+        self.queue = .{};
+    }
+
+    if (comptime IS_DEBUG and abort_all) {
         std.debug.assert(self.handles.in_use.first == null);
         std.debug.assert(self.handles.available.len() == self.handles.connections.len);
 
@@ -320,7 +352,7 @@ fn fetchRobotsThenProcessRequest(self: *Client, robots_url: [:0]const u8, req: R
             .method = .GET,
             .headers = headers,
             .blocking = false,
-            .page_id = req.page_id,
+            .frame_id = req.frame_id,
             .cookie_jar = req.cookie_jar,
             .notification = req.notification,
             .resource_type = .fetch,
@@ -496,8 +528,12 @@ fn waitForInterceptedResponse(self: *Client, transfer: *Transfer) !bool {
 // cases, the interecptor is expected to call resume to continue the transfer
 // or transfer.abort() to abort it.
 fn process(self: *Client, transfer: *Transfer) !void {
-    if (self.handles.get()) |conn| {
-        return self.makeRequest(conn, transfer);
+    // libcurl doesn't allow recursive calls, if we're in a `perform()` operation
+    // then we _have_ to queue this.
+    if (self.handles.performing == false) {
+        if (self.handles.get()) |conn| {
+            return self.makeRequest(conn, transfer);
+        }
     }
 
     self.queue.append(&transfer._node);
@@ -789,9 +825,14 @@ fn processMessages(self: *Client) !bool {
         if (msg.err) |err| {
             requestFailed(transfer, err, true);
         } else blk: {
-            // In case of request w/o data, we need to call the header done
-            // callback now.
+            // make sure the transfer can't be immediately aborted from a callback
+            // since we still need it here.
+            transfer._performing = true;
+            defer transfer._performing = false;
+
             if (!transfer._header_done_called) {
+                // In case of request w/o data, we need to call the header done
+                // callback now.
                 const proceed = transfer.headerDoneCallback(&msg.conn) catch |err| {
                     log.err(.http, "header_done_callback", .{ .err = err });
                     requestFailed(transfer, err, true);
@@ -855,7 +896,7 @@ pub const RequestCookie = struct {
 };
 
 pub const Request = struct {
-    page_id: u32,
+    frame_id: u32,
     method: Method,
     url: [:0]const u8,
     headers: Net.Headers,
@@ -937,6 +978,7 @@ pub const Transfer = struct {
     // number of times the transfer has been tried.
     // incremented by reset func.
     _tries: u8 = 0,
+    _performing: bool = false,
 
     // for when a Transfer is queued in the client.queue
     _node: std.DoublyLinkedList.Node = .{},
@@ -1041,13 +1083,9 @@ pub const Transfer = struct {
 
     pub fn abort(self: *Transfer, err: anyerror) void {
         requestFailed(self, err, true);
-        if (self._conn == null) {
-            self.deinit();
-            return;
-        }
 
         const client = self.client;
-        if (client.handles.performing) {
+        if (self._performing or client.handles.performing) {
             // We're currently in a curl_multi_perform. We cannot call endTransfer
             // as that calls curl_multi_remove_handle, and you can't do that
             // from a curl callback. Instead, we flag this transfer and all of
diff --git a/src/testing.zig b/src/testing.zig
index 62ec8870..16b06a35 100644
--- a/src/testing.zig
+++ b/src/testing.zig
@@ -561,6 +561,14 @@ fn testHTTPHandler(req: *std.http.Server.Request) !void {
         });
     }
 
+    if (std.mem.eql(u8, path, "/xhr_empty")) {
+        return req.respond("", .{
+            .extra_headers = &.{
+                .{ .name = "Content-Type", .value = "text/html; charset=utf-8" },
+            },
+        });
+    }
+
     if (std.mem.eql(u8, path, "/xhr/json")) {
         return req.respond("{\"over\":\"9000!!!\",\"updated_at\":1765867200000}", .{
             .extra_headers = &.{