Start downloading all synchronous imports ASAP

This changes how non-async module loading works. In general, module loading
is triggered by a v8 callback. We ask it to process a module (a <script type=
module>) and then for every module that it depends on, we get a callback. This
callback expects the nested v8.Module instance, so we need to load it then and
there (as opposed to dynamic imports, where we only have to return a promise).

Previously, we solved this by issuing a blocking HTTP get in each callback. The
HTTP loop was able to continuing downloading already-queued resources, but if
a module depended on 20 nested modules, we'd issue 20 blocking gets one after
the other.

Once a module is compiled, we can ask v8 for a list of its dependent module. We
can them immediately start to download all of those modules. We then evaluate
the original module, which will trigger our callback. At this point, we still
need to block and wait for the response, but we've already started the download
and it's much faster. Sure, for the first module, we might need to wait the same
amount of time, but for the other 19, chances are by the time the callback
executes, we already have it downloaded and ready.

src/browser/ScriptManager.zig

@@ -67,8 +67,18 @@ client: *Http.Client,
 allocator: Allocator,
 buffer_pool: BufferPool,
 script_pool: std.heap.MemoryPool(PendingScript),
+sync_module_pool: std.heap.MemoryPool(SyncModule),
 async_module_pool: std.heap.MemoryPool(AsyncModule),
 
+// We can download multiple sync modules in parallel, but we want to process
+// then in order. We can't use an OrderList, like the other script types,
+// because the order we load them might not be the order we want to process
+// them in (I'm not sure this is true, but as far as I can tell, v8 doesn't
+// make any guarantees about the list of sub-module dependencies it gives us
+// So this is more like a cache. When a SyncModule is complete, it's put here
+// and can be requested as needed.
+sync_modules: std.StringHashMapUnmanaged(*SyncModule),
+
 const OrderList = std.DoublyLinkedList;
 
 pub fn init(browser: *Browser, page: *Page) ScriptManager {
@@ -80,24 +90,42 @@ pub fn init(browser: *Browser, page: *Page) ScriptManager {
         .scripts = .{},
         .deferreds = .{},
         .asyncs_ready = .{},
+        .sync_modules = .empty,
         .is_evaluating = false,
         .allocator = allocator,
         .client = browser.http_client,
         .static_scripts_done = false,
         .buffer_pool = BufferPool.init(allocator, 5),
         .script_pool = std.heap.MemoryPool(PendingScript).init(allocator),
+        .sync_module_pool = std.heap.MemoryPool(SyncModule).init(allocator),
         .async_module_pool = std.heap.MemoryPool(AsyncModule).init(allocator),
     };
 }
 
 pub fn deinit(self: *ScriptManager) void {
     self.reset();
+    var it = self.sync_modules.valueIterator();
+    while (it.next()) |value_ptr| {
+        value_ptr.*.buffer.deinit(self.allocator);
+        self.sync_module_pool.destroy(value_ptr.*);
+    }
+
     self.buffer_pool.deinit();
     self.script_pool.deinit();
+    self.sync_module_pool.deinit();
     self.async_module_pool.deinit();
+
+    self.sync_modules.deinit(self.allocator);
 }
 
 pub fn reset(self: *ScriptManager) void {
+    var it = self.sync_modules.valueIterator();
+    while (it.next()) |value_ptr| {
+        value_ptr.*.buffer.deinit(self.allocator);
+        self.sync_module_pool.destroy(value_ptr.*);
+    }
+    self.sync_modules.clearRetainingCapacity();
+
     self.clearList(&self.asyncs);
     self.clearList(&self.scripts);
     self.clearList(&self.deferreds);
@@ -259,49 +287,70 @@ pub fn addFromElement(self: *ScriptManager, element: *parser.Element) !void {
 // Unlike external modules which can only ever be executed after releasing an
 // http handle, these are executed without there necessarily being a free handle.
 // Thus, Http/Client.zig maintains a dedicated handle for these calls.
-pub fn blockingGet(self: *ScriptManager, url: [:0]const u8) !GetResult {
-    std.debug.assert(self.is_blocking == false);
-
-    self.is_blocking = true;
-    defer {
-        self.is_blocking = false;
-
-        // we blocked evaluation while loading this script, there could be
-        // scripts ready to process.
-        self.evaluate();
+pub fn getModule(self: *ScriptManager, url: [:0]const u8) !void {
+    const gop = try self.sync_modules.getOrPut(self.allocator, url);
+    if (gop.found_existing) {
+        // already requested
+        return;
     }
+    errdefer _ = self.sync_modules.remove(url);
 
-    var blocking = Blocking{
-        .allocator = self.allocator,
-        .buffer_pool = &self.buffer_pool,
-    };
+    const sync = try self.sync_module_pool.create();
+    errdefer self.sync_module_pool.destroy(sync);
+
+    sync.* = .{ .manager = self };
+    gop.value_ptr.* = sync;
 
     var headers = try self.client.newHeaders();
     try self.page.requestCookie(.{}).headersForRequest(self.page.arena, url, &headers);
 
-    var client = self.client;
-    try client.blockingRequest(.{
+    try self.client.request(.{
         .url = url,
+        .ctx = sync,
         .method = .GET,
         .headers = headers,
         .cookie_jar = self.page.cookie_jar,
-        .ctx = &blocking,
         .resource_type = .script,
-        .start_callback = if (log.enabled(.http, .debug)) Blocking.startCallback else null,
-        .header_callback = Blocking.headerCallback,
-        .data_callback = Blocking.dataCallback,
-        .done_callback = Blocking.doneCallback,
-        .error_callback = Blocking.errorCallback,
+        .start_callback = if (log.enabled(.http, .debug)) SyncModule.startCallback else null,
+        .header_callback = SyncModule.headerCallback,
+        .data_callback = SyncModule.dataCallback,
+        .done_callback = SyncModule.doneCallback,
+        .error_callback = SyncModule.errorCallback,
     });
+}
 
-    // rely on http's timeout settings to avoid an endless/long loop.
+pub fn waitForModule(self: *ScriptManager, url: [:0]const u8) !GetResult {
+    std.debug.assert(self.is_blocking == false);
+    self.is_blocking = true;
+    defer self.is_blocking = false;
+
+    // Normally it's dangerous to hold on to map pointers. But here, the map
+    // can't change. It's possible that by calling `tick`, other entries within
+    // the map will have their value change, but the map itself is immutable
+    // during this tick.
+    const entry = self.sync_modules.getEntry(url) orelse {
+        return error.UnknownModule;
+    };
+    const sync = entry.value_ptr.*;
+
+    var client = self.client;
     while (true) {
-        _ = try client.tick(200);
-        switch (blocking.state) {
-            .running => {},
-            .done => |result| return result,
+        switch (sync.state) {
+            .loading => {},
+            .done => {
+                // Our caller has its own higher level cache (caching the
+                // actual compiled module). There's no reason for us to keep this
+                defer self.sync_module_pool.destroy(sync);
+                defer self.sync_modules.removeByPtr(entry.key_ptr);
+                return .{
+                    .buffer = sync.buffer,
+                    .buffer_pool = &self.buffer_pool,
+                };
+            },
             .err => |err| return err,
         }
+        // rely on http's timeout settings to avoid an endless/long loop.
+        _ = try client.tick(200);
     }
 }
 
@@ -332,7 +381,6 @@ pub fn getAsyncModule(self: *ScriptManager, url: [:0]const u8, cb: AsyncModule.C
         .error_callback = AsyncModule.errorCallback,
     });
 }
-
 pub fn staticScriptsDone(self: *ScriptManager) void {
     std.debug.assert(self.static_scripts_done == false);
     self.static_scripts_done = true;
@@ -782,16 +830,15 @@ const BufferPool = struct {
     }
 };
 
-const Blocking = struct {
-    allocator: Allocator,
-    buffer_pool: *BufferPool,
-    state: State = .{ .running = {} },
+const SyncModule = struct {
+    manager: *ScriptManager,
     buffer: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(u8) = .{},
+    state: State = .loading,
 
     const State = union(enum) {
-        running: void,
+        done,
+        loading,
         err: anyerror,
-        done: GetResult,
     };
 
     fn startCallback(transfer: *Http.Transfer) !void {
@@ -807,12 +854,13 @@ const Blocking = struct {
             .content_type = header.contentType(),
         });
 
+        var self: *SyncModule = @ptrCast(@alignCast(transfer.ctx));
         if (header.status != 200) {
+            self.finished(.{ .err = error.InvalidStatusCode });
             return error.InvalidStatusCode;
         }
 
-        var self: *Blocking = @ptrCast(@alignCast(transfer.ctx));
-        self.buffer = self.buffer_pool.get();
+        self.buffer = self.manager.buffer_pool.get();
     }
 
     fn dataCallback(transfer: *Http.Transfer, data: []const u8) !void {
@@ -822,8 +870,8 @@ const Blocking = struct {
         //     .blocking = true,
         // });
 
-        var self: *Blocking = @ptrCast(@alignCast(transfer.ctx));
-        self.buffer.appendSlice(self.allocator, data) catch |err| {
+        var self: *SyncModule = @ptrCast(@alignCast(transfer.ctx));
+        self.buffer.appendSlice(self.manager.allocator, data) catch |err| {
             log.err(.http, "SM.dataCallback", .{
                 .err = err,
                 .len = data.len,
@@ -835,19 +883,17 @@ const Blocking = struct {
     }
 
     fn doneCallback(ctx: *anyopaque) !void {
-        var self: *Blocking = @ptrCast(@alignCast(ctx));
-        self.state = .{ .done = .{
-            .buffer = self.buffer,
-            .buffer_pool = self.buffer_pool,
-        } };
+        var self: *SyncModule = @ptrCast(@alignCast(ctx));
+        self.finished(.done);
     }
 
     fn errorCallback(ctx: *anyopaque, err: anyerror) void {
-        var self: *Blocking = @ptrCast(@alignCast(ctx));
-        self.state = .{ .err = err };
-        if (self.buffer.items.len > 0) {
-            self.buffer_pool.release(self.buffer);
-        }
+        var self: *SyncModule = @ptrCast(@alignCast(ctx));
+        self.finished(.{ .err = err });
+    }
+
+    fn finished(self: *SyncModule, state: State) void {
+        self.state = state;
     }
 };
 

src/browser/page.zig

@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ pub const Page = struct {
             .main_context = undefined,
         };
 
-        self.main_context = try session.executor.createJsContext(&self.window, self, self, true, Env.GlobalMissingCallback.init(&self.polyfill_loader));
+        self.main_context = try session.executor.createJsContext(&self.window, self, &self.script_manager, true, Env.GlobalMissingCallback.init(&self.polyfill_loader));
         try polyfill.preload(self.arena, self.main_context);
 
         try self.scheduler.add(self, runMicrotasks, 5, .{ .name = "page.microtasks" });
@@ -255,16 +255,6 @@ pub const Page = struct {
         try Node.prepend(head, &[_]Node.NodeOrText{.{ .node = parser.elementToNode(base) }});
     }
 
-    pub fn fetchModuleSource(ctx: *anyopaque, url: [:0]const u8) !ScriptManager.GetResult {
-        const self: *Page = @ptrCast(@alignCast(ctx));
-        return self.script_manager.blockingGet(url);
-    }
-
-    pub fn fetchAsyncModuleSource(ctx: *anyopaque, url: [:0]const u8, cb: ScriptManager.AsyncModule.Callback, cb_data: *anyopaque) !void {
-        const self: *Page = @ptrCast(@alignCast(ctx));
-        return self.script_manager.getAsyncModule(url, cb, cb_data);
-    }
-
     pub fn wait(self: *Page, wait_ms: i32) Session.WaitResult {
         return self._wait(wait_ms) catch |err| {
             switch (err) {

src/cdp/cdp.zig

@@ -693,7 +693,7 @@ const IsolatedWorld = struct {
         _ = try self.executor.createJsContext(
             &page.window,
             page,
-            {},
+            null,
             false,
             Env.GlobalMissingCallback.init(&self.polyfill_loader),
         );

src/http/Client.zig

@@ -86,9 +86,6 @@ allocator: Allocator,
 // request. These wil come and go with each request.
 transfer_pool: std.heap.MemoryPool(Transfer),
 
-// see ScriptManager.blockingGet
-blocking: Handle,
-
 // To notify registered subscribers of events, the browser sets/nulls this for us.
 notification: ?*Notification = null,
 
@@ -121,16 +118,12 @@ pub fn init(allocator: Allocator, ca_blob: ?c.curl_blob, opts: Http.Opts) !*Clie
     var handles = try Handles.init(allocator, client, ca_blob, &opts);
     errdefer handles.deinit(allocator);
 
-    var blocking = try Handle.init(client, ca_blob, &opts);
-    errdefer blocking.deinit();
-
     client.* = .{
         .queue = .{},
         .active = 0,
         .intercepted = 0,
         .multi = multi,
         .handles = handles,
-        .blocking = blocking,
         .allocator = allocator,
         .http_proxy = opts.http_proxy,
         .user_agent = opts.user_agent,
@@ -142,7 +135,6 @@ pub fn init(allocator: Allocator, ca_blob: ?c.curl_blob, opts: Http.Opts) !*Clie
 
 pub fn deinit(self: *Client) void {
     self.abort();
-    self.blocking.deinit();
     self.handles.deinit(self.allocator);
 
     _ = c.curl_multi_cleanup(self.multi);
@@ -263,12 +255,6 @@ pub fn fulfillTransfer(self: *Client, transfer: *Transfer, status: u16, headers:
     return transfer.fulfill(status, headers, body);
 }
 
-// See ScriptManager.blockingGet
-pub fn blockingRequest(self: *Client, req: Request) !void {
-    const transfer = try self.makeTransfer(req);
-    return self.makeRequest(&self.blocking, transfer);
-}
-
 fn makeTransfer(self: *Client, req: Request) !*Transfer {
     errdefer req.headers.deinit();
 
@@ -329,7 +315,6 @@ pub fn changeProxy(self: *Client, proxy: [:0]const u8) !void {
     for (self.handles.handles) |*h| {
         try errorCheck(c.curl_easy_setopt(h.conn.easy, c.CURLOPT_PROXY, proxy.ptr));
     }
-    try errorCheck(c.curl_easy_setopt(self.blocking.conn.easy, c.CURLOPT_PROXY, proxy.ptr));
 }
 
 // Same restriction as changeProxy. Should be ok since this is only called on
@@ -341,7 +326,6 @@ pub fn restoreOriginalProxy(self: *Client) !void {
     for (self.handles.handles) |*h| {
         try errorCheck(c.curl_easy_setopt(h.conn.easy, c.CURLOPT_PROXY, proxy));
     }
-    try errorCheck(c.curl_easy_setopt(self.blocking.conn.easy, c.CURLOPT_PROXY, proxy));
 }
 
 fn makeRequest(self: *Client, handle: *Handle, transfer: *Transfer) !void {
@@ -504,7 +488,7 @@ fn endTransfer(self: *Client, transfer: *Transfer) void {
         log.fatal(.http, "Failed to remove handle", .{ .err = err });
     };
 
-    self.handles.release(self, handle);
+    self.handles.release(handle);
     transfer._handle = null;
     self.active -= 1;
 }
@@ -563,13 +547,7 @@ const Handles = struct {
         return null;
     }
 
-    fn release(self: *Handles, client: *Client, handle: *Handle) void {
-        if (handle == &client.blocking) {
-            // the handle we've reserved for blocking request doesn't participate
-            // int he in_use/available pools
-            return;
-        }
-
+    fn release(self: *Handles, handle: *Handle) void {
         var node = &handle.node;
         self.in_use.remove(node);
         node.prev = null;
@@ -747,7 +725,7 @@ pub const Transfer = struct {
     fn deinit(self: *Transfer) void {
         self.req.headers.deinit();
         if (self._handle) |handle| {
-            self.client.handles.release(self.client, handle);
+            self.client.handles.release(handle);
         }
         self.arena.deinit();
         self.client.transfer_pool.destroy(self);

src/runtime/js.zig

@@ -410,19 +410,9 @@ pub fn Env(comptime State: type, comptime WebApis: type) type {
             // when the handle_scope is freed.
             // We also maintain our own "context_arena" which allows us to have
             // all page related memory easily managed.
-            pub fn createJsContext(self: *ExecutionWorld, global: anytype, state: State, module_loader: anytype, enter: bool, global_callback: ?GlobalMissingCallback) !*JsContext {
+            pub fn createJsContext(self: *ExecutionWorld, global: anytype, state: State, script_manager: ?*ScriptManager, enter: bool, global_callback: ?GlobalMissingCallback) !*JsContext {
                 std.debug.assert(self.js_context == null);
 
-                const ModuleLoader = switch (@typeInfo(@TypeOf(module_loader))) {
-                    .@"struct" => @TypeOf(module_loader),
-                    .pointer => |ptr| ptr.child,
-                    .void => ErrorModuleLoader,
-                    else => @compileError("invalid module_loader"),
-                };
-
-                // If necessary, turn a void context into something we can safely ptrCast
-                const safe_module_loader: *anyopaque = if (ModuleLoader == ErrorModuleLoader) @ptrCast(@constCast(&{})) else module_loader;
-
                 const env = self.env;
                 const isolate = env.isolate;
                 const Global = @TypeOf(global.*);
@@ -542,13 +532,9 @@ pub fn Env(comptime State: type, comptime WebApis: type) type {
                     .templates = &env.templates,
                     .meta_lookup = &env.meta_lookup,
                     .handle_scope = handle_scope,
+                    .script_manager = script_manager,
                     .call_arena = self.call_arena.allocator(),
                     .context_arena = self.context_arena.allocator(),
-                    .module_loader = .{
-                        .ptr = safe_module_loader,
-                        .func = ModuleLoader.fetchModuleSource,
-                        .async = ModuleLoader.fetchAsyncModuleSource,
-                    },
                     .global_callback = global_callback,
                 };
 
@@ -692,12 +678,6 @@ pub fn Env(comptime State: type, comptime WebApis: type) type {
             // the function that resolves/rejects them.
             persisted_promise_resolvers: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(v8.Persistent(v8.PromiseResolver)) = .empty,
 
-            // When we need to load a resource (i.e. an external script), we call
-            // this function to get the source. This is always a reference to the
-            // Page's fetchModuleSource, but we use a function pointer
-            // since this js module is decoupled from the browser implementation.
-            module_loader: ModuleLoader,
-
             // Some Zig types have code to execute to cleanup
             destructor_callbacks: std.ArrayListUnmanaged(DestructorCallback) = .empty,
 
@@ -711,15 +691,12 @@ pub fn Env(comptime State: type, comptime WebApis: type) type {
             // necessary to lookup/store the dependent module in the module_cache.
             module_identifier: std.AutoHashMapUnmanaged(u32, []const u8) = .empty,
 
+            // the page's script manager
+            script_manager: ?*ScriptManager,
+
             // Global callback is called on missing property.
             global_callback: ?GlobalMissingCallback = null,
 
-            const ModuleLoader = struct {
-                ptr: *anyopaque,
-                func: *const fn (ptr: *anyopaque, url: [:0]const u8) anyerror!ScriptManager.GetResult,
-                async: *const fn (ptr: *anyopaque, url: [:0]const u8, cb: ScriptManager.AsyncModule.Callback, cb_state: *anyopaque) anyerror!void,
-            };
-
             const ModuleEntry = struct {
                 // Can be null if we're asynchrously loading the module, in
                 // which case resolver_promise cannot be null.
@@ -861,8 +838,33 @@ pub fn Env(comptime State: type, comptime WebApis: type) type {
                 try self.module_identifier.putNoClobber(arena, m.getIdentityHash(), owned_url);
                 errdefer _ = self.module_identifier.remove(m.getIdentityHash());
 
-                // resolveModuleCallback loads module's dependencies.
                 const v8_context = self.v8_context;
+                {
+                    // Non-async modules are blocking. We can download them in
+                    // parallel, but they need to be processed serially. So we
+                    // want to get the list of dependent modules this module has
+                    // and start downloading them asap.
+                    const requests = m.getModuleRequests();
+                    const isolate = self.isolate;
+                    for (0..requests.length()) |i| {
+                        const req = requests.get(v8_context, @intCast(i)).castTo(v8.ModuleRequest);
+                        const specifier = try jsStringToZig(self.call_arena, req.getSpecifier(), isolate);
+                        const normalized_specifier = try @import("../url.zig").stitch(
+                            self.call_arena,
+                            specifier,
+                            owned_url,
+                            .{ .alloc = .if_needed, .null_terminated = true },
+                        );
+                        const gop = try self.module_cache.getOrPut(self.context_arena, normalized_specifier);
+                        if (!gop.found_existing) {
+                            const owned_specifier = try self.context_arena.dupeZ(u8, normalized_specifier);
+                            gop.key_ptr.* = owned_specifier;
+                            gop.value_ptr.* = .{};
+                            try self.script_manager.?.getModule(owned_specifier);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
                 if (try m.instantiate(v8_context, resolveModuleCallback) == false) {
                     return error.ModuleInstantiationError;
                 }
@@ -891,14 +893,13 @@ pub fn Env(comptime State: type, comptime WebApis: type) type {
 
                 var gop = try self.module_cache.getOrPut(arena, owned_url);
                 if (gop.found_existing) {
-                    // only way for us to have found an existing entry, is if
-                    // we're asynchronously loading this module
+                    // If we're here, it's because we had a cache entry, but no
+                    // module. This happens because both our synch and async
+                    // module loaders create the entry to prevent concurrent
+                    // loads of the same resource (like Go's Singleflight).
                     std.debug.assert(gop.value_ptr.module == null);
                     std.debug.assert(gop.value_ptr.module_promise == null);
-                    std.debug.assert(gop.value_ptr.resolver_promise != null);
 
-                    // keep the resolver promise, it's doing the heavy lifting
-                    // and any other async loads will be chained to it.
                     gop.value_ptr.module = persisted_module;
                     gop.value_ptr.module_promise = persisted_promise;
                 } else {
@@ -1639,8 +1640,29 @@ pub fn Env(comptime State: type, comptime WebApis: type) type {
                     .{ .alloc = .if_needed, .null_terminated = true },
                 );
 
-                const module_loader = self.module_loader;
-                var fetch_result = try module_loader.func(module_loader.ptr, normalized_specifier);
+                const gop = try self.module_cache.getOrPut(self.context_arena, normalized_specifier);
+                if (gop.found_existing) {
+                    if (gop.value_ptr.module) |m| {
+                        return m.handle;
+                    }
+                    // We don't have a module, but we do have a cache entry for it
+                    // That means we're already trying to load it. We just have
+                    // to wait for it to be done.
+                } else {
+                    // I don't think it's possible for us to be here. This is
+                    // only ever called by v8 when we evaluate a module. But
+                    // before evaluating, we should have already started
+                    // downloading all of the module's nested modules. So it
+                    // should be impossible that this is the first time we've
+                    // heard about this module.
+                    // But, I'm not confident enough in that, and ther's little
+                    // harm in handling this case.
+                    @branchHint(.unlikely);
+                    gop.value_ptr.* = .{};
+                    try self.script_manager.?.getModule(normalized_specifier);
+                }
+
+                var fetch_result = try self.script_manager.?.waitForModule(normalized_specifier);
                 defer fetch_result.deinit();
 
                 var try_catch: TryCatch = undefined;
@@ -1756,8 +1778,7 @@ pub fn Env(comptime State: type, comptime WebApis: type) type {
                     };
 
                     // Next, we need to actually load it.
-                    const module_loader = self.module_loader;
-                    module_loader.async(module_loader.ptr, specifier, dynamicModuleSourceCallback, state) catch |err| {
+                    self.script_manager.?.getAsyncModule(specifier, dynamicModuleSourceCallback, state) catch |err| {
                         const error_msg = v8.String.initUtf8(isolate, @errorName(err));
                         _ = resolver.reject(self.v8_context, error_msg.toValue());
                     };
@@ -4169,16 +4190,6 @@ const NoopInspector = struct {
     pub fn onInspectorEvent(_: *anyopaque, _: []const u8) void {}
 };
 
-const ErrorModuleLoader = struct {
-    pub fn fetchModuleSource(_: *anyopaque, _: [:0]const u8) !ScriptManager.GetResult {
-        return error.NoModuleLoadConfigured;
-    }
-
-    pub fn fetchAsyncModuleSource(_: *anyopaque, _: [:0]const u8, _: ScriptManager.AsyncModule.Callback, _: *anyopaque) !void {
-        return error.NoModuleLoadConfigured;
-    }
-};
-
 // If we have a struct:
 // const Cat = struct {
 //    pub fn meow(self: *Cat) void { ... }

src/runtime/testing.zig

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ pub fn Runner(comptime State: type, comptime Global: type, comptime types: anyty
             self.js_context = try self.executor.createJsContext(
                 if (Global == void) &default_global else global,
                 state,
-                {},
+                null,
                 true,
                 null,
             );